![]() They started with a skincare blog in order to build up an audience, sharing recipes and showing readers how to take care of their skin. "We knew it would be hard to drive to our online store," Elie says. She and Elie noticed a lack of brands focused on masques alone, which gave them the idea of founding their own line of products. ![]() Narae worked as a cosmetician at the time, experimenting at home by making her own facial masques and skincare products. Narae and Elie met while studying design and architecture at Ottawa’s Carleton University. ![]() That’s the mark of Narae Kim and Elie Nehme, the Toronto-based founders of Artifact Skin Co., an online store launched on Shopify in 2014 whose products are now in stores all over the world. Non-invasive assessment of soft-tissue artifact and its effect on knee joint kinematics during functional activity.If you’ve been to an Anthropologie store lately, you may have seen some beautifully packaged, naturally made skincare products emblazoned with a circular anchor logo. Previously published items are made available in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher. Items in ResearchSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated. The present results on soft-tissue artifact, based on fluoroscopic measurements in healthy adult subjects, may be helpful in developing location- and direction-specific weighting factors for use in global optimization algorithms aimed at minimizing the effects of soft-tissue artifact on calculations of knee joint rotations. The maximum root mean square errors for calculating knee joint rotations occurred for the open-chain knee flexion task and were 24.3 degrees, 17.8 degrees and 14.5 degrees for flexion, internal-external rotation and abduction-adduction, respectively. Markers positioned in the vicinity of the knee joint showed considerable movement, with root mean square errors as high as 29.3mm. Soft-tissue artifact for the thigh markers was substantially greater than that for the shank markers. Although a consistent pattern of soft-tissue artifact was found for each task across all subjects, the magnitudes of soft-tissue artifact were subject-, task- and location-dependent. A number of different skin-marker clusters (total of 180) were used to calculate knee joint rotations, and the results were compared against those obtained from fluoroscopy. Soft-tissue artifact was defined as the degree of movement of each marker in the anteroposterior, proximodistal and mediolateral directions of the corresponding anatomical frame. Knee joint kinematics was derived using the anatomical frames from the MRI-based, 3D bone models together with the data from video motion capture and X-ray fluoroscopy. Subject-specific bone models generated from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used in conjunction with X-ray images obtained from single-plane fluoroscopy to determine three-dimensional knee joint kinematics for four separate tasks: open-chain knee flexion, hip axial rotation, level walking, and a step-up. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to quantify lower limb soft-tissue artifact in young healthy subjects during functional activity and second, to determine the effect of soft-tissue artifact on the calculation of knee joint kinematics. The soft-tissue interface between skin-mounted markers and the underlying bones poses a major limitation to accurate, non-invasive measurement of joint kinematics.
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